List of Contributors xiii
 
Preface xvii
 
Introduction 1
 
References 5
 
1 Strategies for the Control of Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus Species in Contaminated Food and Feed 7
Premila N. Achar, Quenton Kritzinger , and Santosh Sharma
 
Graphical Representation 8
 
1.1 Introduction 8
 
1.2 Aspergillus Species and Aflatoxin Types in Food and Feed 8
 
1.3 Distribution of Aflatoxin Contamination Across the Globe 9
 
1.4 Aflatoxin Limits in Food and Feed 9
 
1.5 Aflatoxin Biosynthesis 11
 
1.6 Aflatoxin Mitigation 11
 
1.7 Physical Strategies to Control Aspergillus Species and Aflatoxins 14
 
1.8 Chemical Strategies to Control Aspergillus Species and Aflatoxins 17
 
1.9 Biologicals as a Control Strategy Against Aspergillus spp. and Aflatoxins 18
 
1.10 Summary 21
 
1.11 Future Implications 22
 
1.12 Study Questions 22
 
2 Advanced Anti-Fumonisin Strategies in Food and Feed 31
N. Deepa, Angel M. Vaya, and M.Y. Sreenivasa
 
Graphical Representation 32
 
2.1 Introduction 32
 
2.2 Occurrence and Distribution 33
 
2.3 Toxicity and Its Effects 33
 
2.4 Physical Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 36
 
2.5 Chemical Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 41
 
2.6 Biological Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 42
 
2.7 Recent Advanced Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 44
 
2.8 Summary 46
 
2.9 Future Implications 46
 
2.10 Study Questions 46
 
3 Innovative Strategies to Decontaminate Ochratoxin A in Food and Feed 59
Priyanthi Chandravarnan, Dominic Agyei, and Azam Ali
 
Graphical Representation 60
 
3.1 Introduction 60
 
3.2 Production of OTA in Fungi 62
 
3.3 Occurrence and Distribution 63
 
3.4 OTA Toxicity and Its Effects on Humans and Animals 64
 
3.5 Recent Strategies Used in OTA Decontamination 65
 
3.6 Summary 74
 
3.7 Future Implications 75
 
3.8 Study Questions 76
 
4 Patulin-Effective Mitigation Strategies in Food and Feed 83
S. Divyashree, G. Adithi, B. Shruthi, and M.Y. Sreenivasa
 
Graphical Representation 84
 
4.1 Introduction 84
 
4.2 Occurrence and Distribution of Patulin 85
 
4.3 Effect of both Pre- and Post-harvest Stages 86
 
4.4 Mitigation Strategies Against Patulin Mycotoxin 88
 
4.5 Detoxification of Patulin 94
 
4.6 Degradation Products of Patulin 97
 
4.7 Binding Methods 98
 
4.8 Future Implications 99
 
4.9 Summary 99
 
4.10 Study Questions 99
 
5 Trichothecenes: Toxigenic Effects and Detoxification Strategies 109
Monica C. Paul and Regina S. Dass
 
Graphical Representation 110
 
5.1 Introduction 110
 
5.2 Structure and Biosynthesis of Trichothecenes 112
 
5.3 Occurrence and Distribution 113
 
5.4 Toxic Effects of Trichothecenes 113
 
5.5 Detoxification Methods of Trichothecenes 115
 
5.6 Physical Methods for Detoxification of Trichothecene Toxins 116
 
5.7 Chemical Method for Trichothecene Detoxification 119
 
5.8 Biological Methods for Detoxification of Trichothecenes 122
 
5.9 Advanced Methods for Detoxification of Trichothecenes 124
 
5.10 Summary 124
 
5.11 Future Implications 125
 
5.12 Study Questions 125
 
6 Citrinin: A Potential Mycotoxin in Food and Feed with Possible Management Strategies to Combat Its Contamination 133
Kadaiah Ajithkumar, Attihalli S. Savitha, Matapati Renuka, and Manjunath K. Naik
 
Graphical Representation 134
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